Kamis, 04 Agustus 2011

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Penggunaan: Untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah selesai dilakukan dalam waktu yang tidak tentu di masa lampau dan biasanya membawa akibat di masa sekarang

Pola   :   (+)  S  +   HAVE / HAS     +    V3   +  O  (  SUDAH  )
             (-)  S   +   HAVE / HAS   +   NOT  +   V3  +  O  ( BELUM )
             (?)  HAVE / HAS  +  S   +   V3   +    O  ?   ( SUDAHKAH )
CONTOH:
       SHE HAS DRIVEN A CAR
       SHE HAS NOT DRIVEN A CAR
       HAS  SHE DRIVE A CAR ? YES, SHE HAS

Keterangan Waktu
  •   for  =  selama
  • since =  sejak
  • already  = sudah
  • ever / never =  belum pernah
  • etc
exercise
lengkapilah kalimat berikut dengan kata kerja yang telah tersedia ke dalam bentuk present perfect tense
  1. teach           Mr. jackson is a teacher. He ...........................biology for twenty years
  2. know          I ...................................Mary Adam since I was a child

THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Comparison: adalah suatu kalimat yang menyatakan suatu perbandingan antar dua hal
                     (benda) atau lebih. ditinjau dari cara membandingkan dan apa yang
                      dibandingkan, comparison dapat dibagai menjadi dua,
                    yaitu :
  1. Equal comparison
  2. Unequal comparison
 EQUAL COMPARISON
                  adalah perbandingan yang menyatakan persamaan dua hal atau benda. cara
                  membentuk perbandingan ini dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan : as / so -
                  as, the same - as, like dan a like. Penggunaan kata-kata tersebut untuk membentuk
                  kalimat perbandingan mempunyai pola kialimat dan aturan-aturan tertentu
As/so - as
Pola Kalimat          S  +  P  +  AS/SO ...........AS  +   P
Contoh  :   She is as tall as you are
                 We are as stupid as they are
                  He is not so clever as Andi
                 He speaks as carefullly as Mr. President
                 They walked as slowly as a snail

Catatan
untuk AS/SO ............AS, dapat digunakan adjective atau adverb of manner. Apabila predikat kalimatnya kata kerja, diantara AS/SO .......AS, digunakan adverb of manner, sementara apabila predikatanya TOBE maka digunakan adjective. Predicate terakhir boleh hanya menggunakan kata kerja bantu, dan boleh tidak digunakan apabila subyeknya berubah menjadi obyek.

The same ...............as
pola kalimat
                               S     +     P     +      THE SAME ............. AS     +     S     +       P
karena kata yang dapat digunakan diantara AS/SO .......AS dan THE SAME .................AS berbeda satu sama lain, kita harus dapat membedakan antara adjective, adverb of manner dan noun. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut

ADJECTIVE                           ADVERB OF MANNER                        NOUN
      tall                                               -                                                    tallness
      short                                           -                                                     shortness
      kind                                           kindly                                              kindness
      expensive                                  expensively                                       price,  cost,  fare
     cheap                                         cheaply                                           price, cost, fare
     heavy                                         heavily                                             weight
     light                                            lightly                                               weight
     big                                              -                                                      size
     small                                           -                                                      size
     high                                            highly                                               height
     long                                            -                                                      length
     deep                                           deeply                                             depth
     wide                                            widely                                             width
     old                                               -                                                      age
     young                                          -                                                      age
      narrow                                       narrowly                                           width
     fast                                              fast                                                  speed
     slow                                            slowly                                              speed

Unequal comparison
adalah : perbandingan yang menyatakan perbedaan antara dua hal (benda) atau lebih. ditinjau dari bentuk perbandingannya, unequal comparison dapat dibedakan menjadi dua. yang pertama untuk menyatakan bahwa benda tersebut mempunyai perbedaan dengan benda yang dibandingkan, dan yang kedua untuk menyatakan bahwa benda tersebut mempunyai kelebihan, kekurangan dari benda lainnya.
untuk menyatakan hal yang pertama digunakan DIFFERENT FROM. cara menggunakan DIFFERENT FROM sama seperti penggunaan THE SAME AS pola kalimat penggunaan different from dapat dirumuskan sbb:
S   +   P    +  DIFFERENT .............FROM  +  S  +  P
contoh : his shirt is different size from hers.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON
degrees of comparison dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam, yaitu comparative degree dan superlative degree.
comperativ degree adalah perbandingan antara dua benda. Pada kalimat perbandingan ini ditunjukkan bahwa
                                       benda tersebut mempunyai kelebihan / kekurangan dibandingkan dengan benda 
                                       yang di bandingkan. itulah sebabnya comparative dapat dirumuskan sbb:

S  +   P   + COMP DEG   +   THAN   +   S  +   P
contoh : He is bigger than my brother
They work more carefully than I do
Catatan
comperative degree menggunakan akhiran "ER" atau awalan "MORE" akhiran ER dan awalan MORE digunakan untuk adjective apabila predikatnya adalah TOBE

SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
Superlative degree adalah perbandingan tiga benda atau lebih. Superlative degree ini biasa juga disebut perbandingan tingkat paling. pola kalimatnya dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut

S  +  P  +   THE  +  SUPERLATIVE DEG   +   COMPLIMENT
CONTOH :
HE IS THE BIGGEST MAN IN THE COUNTRY
SHE WORKS THE MOST CEREFULLY AMONG US

catatan
Compliment yang digunakan adalah OF ALL, OF US, OF YOU, OF THEM, ADVERB OF PLACE DAN ADVERB OF TIME.
meskipun demikian ada juga bentuk comperative dan superlative degree yang tidak mengikuti kaidah-kaidah diatas, antara lain:

positive degree                           comperative degree                         superlative degree
       good                                           better                                               best
       well                                             better                                               best
       bad                                             worse                                               worst
       badly                                           worse                                              worst
       little                                             less                                                   least
      much / many                                 more                                                most
       far                                               farther / further                                 farthest / furthest
 

Rabu, 03 Agustus 2011

Present Passive Voice

PENJELASAN
Sub Pokok Bahasan : Present Passive Voice
       Passive voice ( kalimat pasip ) yaitu kalimat yang subyeknya dikenai pekerjaan. Dalam bahasa Indonesia
       kalimat ini menggunakan kata kerja yang diawali dengan di ( dijual, dipanggil, ditulis, dll ). Pola dasar yang
       dipakai dalam kalimat pasip yaitu :

Tobe     +     V3 / past participle
                           contoh : I am invited by Susy every saturday night.
                                        Indonesia Raya song is written by WR. Supratman
     

    Pola diatas berlaku untuk semua tenses. Tentu saja tobe dalam kalimat harus disesuaikan dengan tenses
    dan Subyek yang dipakai.

Aturan - aturan merubah kalimat dari bentuk aktif menjadi pasif
  1. Kalimat harus mempunyai obyek ( transitif verb ). jika tidak ada obyek, maka harus ada Question word yang menanyakan obyek.
  2. Obyek kalimat aktif menjadi subyek kalimat pasif
  3. Subyek kalimat aktif menjadi obyek kalimat pasif yang didahului kata "by"
  4. Kata kerja yang dipakai adalah Verb-3 ( past participle ) yang didahului tobe
  5. Susunan kalimat disesuaikan dengan tenses yang digunakan.
EXERCISE I
Rubahlah kalimat berikut menjadi kalimat pasif seperti yang tertera dalam contoh no 1
First Level
  1.  Paijo opens the door 
  • The door is opened by Paijo/him
  1. Painem is reading a magazine.............................................................................................................
  2. Tono has bought a new motor cycle..................................................................................................
  3. We cook nasi goreng........................................................................................................................
  4. Wati calls me...................................................................................................................................
  5. Indah is selling vegetables in the market.............................................................................................
  6. Paitun usually gives me a frog every Monday morning...........................................................................................................................................
  7. She has written the letters................................................................................................................
  8. My sister doesn't drink coffee.........................................................................................................
  9. My father is building a house...........................................................................................................
Second Level
  1. My mother can speak both English and French...........................................................................................................................................
  2. Shinta will buy two kg of sugar in the Super Market tomorrow......................................................................................................................................
  3. All of the students are going to follow English test in my office next month..........................................................................................................................................
  4. The cat and the dog always take a book under the table............................................................................................................................................
  5. Bill will invite Ann to the party next weekend.....................................................................................................................................
  6. Gina sometimes calls me when she is on the mood..........................................................................................................................................
  7. The teacher is going to explain the lesson..........................................................................................................................................
  8. A local advertising company has offered Maria a good job..............................................................................................................................................
  9. Does Elen give her birthday cake to your grand mother........................................................................................................................................
  10. What does Jim buy in the market?......................................................................................................................................
Third level
Change the following passive statement into active statement!
  1. Two apples are being bought by her..............................................................................................................................................
  2. Lolita is given 5 books by her grand mother........................................................................................................................................
  3. The Raung Mountain can be seen by my sister from home..........................................................................................................................................
  4. All of the victims from Tsunami will be evacuated by the government next week.........................................................................................................................................
  5. English always be spoken by Puput in the class everyday...................................................................................................................................
  6. The cat is not given the food by Andi.........................................................................................
  7. What is performed by Ivan on the music contest in California?...............................................................................................................................
  8. Is a guitar goint to be played by Anes?......................................................................................................................................
  9. Indo Maret is not always built by the Chinese....................................................................................................................................
  10. Will the computer be operated by Vini?....................................................................................
Forth Level
Use active of passive, in any appropriate tense, for the verbs in parantheses.
  1. Right now Alex is in the Hospital. He (treat)...................................for a bad burn on his hand and arm.
  2. A network of lines (discover) .............................................on mars's surface by an italian astronomer around the turn of the century. The astronomer (call) ............................these lines "channels," but when the italian word (translate) .....................................into English, it became "canals." As a result, some people thought the lines were waterways that (build) .......................... by some unknown living creatures. We know that the lines are not really canals. Canals (exist, not) ..................on Mars.